Types of meanings denoted by the verbs shall and should
Розміщено 11-05-10 у розділі Освіта.
Типи значень, які виражають модальні дієслова shall і should
Verb shall in ancient period has the form “sceal”. Primary and more concrete meaning of “scea”l was modeless – “to be due”(smth.), in Modern English “owe”:
e.g. Hu mycel scealt pu minnum hlaforde? (An.-Sax. Dict., 843).
(Скільки ти винен моєму господарю?) [6; p.65].
In the Old English verb “sceal” was used with modal meanings in combination with the infinitive. It expressed different shades of necessity, obligation.
Ne sculon ye no pyncean eow selfum to wise (Alfr., G.P.C., II, 306). (You must not think yourself too wise) [6; p.65].
Since Old English period verb shall had lost its primary meaning and became an auxiliary verb.
In Modern English language shall belongs to auxiliary verbs.
From the ancient meaning “to have to” in the verb shall is kept the capability to express different shades of certainty in performing the future action, which is expressed by the infinitive. Sentences with shall often contain a threat, a warning or a promise:
e.g. “The police shall take you up.”
(“Тебе забере міліція.”) [31; p. 61].
e.g. “No,” she persisted, grasping the handle; “not yet, Edgar Linton: sit down; you shall not leave me in that temper.”
(“Ні,” – наполягала вона і взялася за ручку дверей, – “не зараз, Едгаре Лінтон. Сідайте! Ви мене не покинете у такому стані!”) [27; p. 72].
e.g. “You shall go up and down and round the town in a taxi every day.”
(“Ти будеш їздити по місту в таксі кожного дня.”) [31; p. 47].
e.g. “You’re perfectly right, of course”, said Mor, “and naturally I shall tell her when I get back.”
(“Ти звісно ж права,” – сказав Мор, – “і звичайно ж я їй все розповім коли повернуся.”) [30; p. 87].
Thus, the main function of the verb shall in Modern English language – is the function of auxiliary verb of the future.
Should
The verb should with the meaning of obligation by its origin is the form of conjunctive mood (Subjunctive) from the verb shall, and although historically the forms shall and should ascend to one verb and there is some semantic relation between them in modern language, nevertheless this relation became weaker so much, and should in the meaning of obligation obtained so great independence, that it is advisable to distinguish it in the semantic plan separately from shall.
Nevertheless by the character of the lexical meaning and by the usage should in the Modern English is closer to the verbs must and ought, than to shall. It is used with reference to the future and remains unchanged in reported speech.
Should has the meaning of obligation:
e.g. “Can you show me any English woman who speaks English as it should be spoken?”
(“Чи ви можете показати мені хоча б одну англійку, яка б говорила на англійській мові так як потрібно говорити?”) [31; p. 108].
e.g. “You shouldn’t have come out, “ she said, rising and reaching from chimney-piece two of the painted canisters.”
(“Вам не слід було виходити з дому”, – сказала вона і вставши зняла з каміна дві яскраві жерстянки.”) [27; p. 25].
e.g. “It was inevitable that the clash for leadership should come. Buck wanted it.”
(“Бій за першість неминуче повинен був відбутися. Бек хотів цього.”) [29; p. 222].
e.g. “While leading the way upstairs, she recommended that I should hide the candle…”
(“Піднімаючись по сходах, вона сказала, що я повинен прикрити свічку долонею…”) [27; p. 31].
In Ukrainian language should is rendered as “слід, треба було” and “повинен, повинен був би.”
In combination with the perfect infinitive should is used concerning the past and in the affirmative sentences, the same way as ought, characterizes the action as due or proper, but which didn’t take place in reality. In the negative sentences, vice versa, the accomplished action is characterized as undesirable, inappropriate, the action which wouldn’t have happened.
e.g. “I confess I did not foresee this turn of events. But I should have foreseen it.”
(“Зізнаюся, я не передбачив такого повороту подій. Однак мені слід було це передбачити.”) [6; p.68].
e.g. “You have discovered what I intended you should never have known.”
(“Ви вияснили те, що я вважав, ви ніколи не повинні були би знати.”) [6; p.69].
Should has the meaning of probability, something naturally expected (only with reference to the present or future):
e.g. “The film should be very good as it has been produced by an excellent artist.”
(“Фільм, мабуть, чудовий так як він був зроблений талановитим режисером”) [17; p. 52].
Should in this meaning is generally found in affirmative sentences in combination with the simple infinitive.
e.g. “If it’s a story by Wodehouse it should be amusing.”
(“Якщо ця розповідь Вудхауса, вона мабуть кумедна”) [8; p. 127].
We needn’t get ready yet. The guests shouldn’t come for another hour.
(Нам не потрібно готуватися. Гості навряд приїдуть раніше, ніж за годину).
Should can be followed by a past participle (when we want to say that we are fairly sure that something has happened):
You should have heard by now that I’m O.K.
(Ти мав би чути що зі мною все гаразд).
Should can be followed by a past participle (when we want to say that we do not think that something has happened):
You shouldn’t have had any difficulty in getting there.
(Ви не повинні були би мати якісь труднощі щоб дістатися туди).
Теги: in English, дипломні
